Since the PVS is exclusively directed with the veins, harm to non-venous comfortable tissues is averted. Tissues like nerve, artery and lymphatic vessels are spared. Because June 1988 we have used the PVS technique as outpatient surgical procedures under area anaesthesia. Neither electrosurgery nor a suction equipment has been needed https://www.sgvascularctr.com/understanding-venous-leak-treatment-in-singapore/